See sullen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "sal"
},
{
"lang": "Jersey Dutch",
"lang_code": "gmw-jdt",
"word": "zal"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "sa"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "sal"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "sa"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "zullen"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "zölle"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "zólle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "frk",
"3": "gmw-pro",
"4": "gem-pro",
"5": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "sulan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch sulan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch sulan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "suelen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sēlen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sellen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sōlen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sollen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "sullen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sullen",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-ED8u0oz3",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) must, to have to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"may, be allowed to"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-8HO1Grib",
"links": [
[
"may",
"may"
],
[
"allowed",
"allowed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary, negated) may, be allowed to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"negative",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
66,
71
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
41,
45
]
],
"english": "The aldermen of Bochoute address all who will see this letter by our lord.",
"ref": "1249, Schepenbrief van Bochoute, Velzeke, eastern Flanders:",
"text": "Descepenen van bochouta quedden alle degene die dese lettren sien selen i(n) onsen here.",
"translation": "The aldermen of Bochoute address all who will see this letter by our lord.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"will, shall, be going to (future tense)"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-u9ucCat0",
"links": [
[
"will",
"will"
],
[
"shall",
"shall"
],
[
"going to",
"going to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) will, shall, be going to (future tense)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 12 13 13 14 7 8 1 2 5 2 12 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 13 14 13 14 7 5 1 1 7 1 14 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 10 2 62 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be about to (inchoative)"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-95pmPs6E",
"links": [
[
"about to",
"about to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary, in the past tense) to be about to (inchoative)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"indicates a possible or hypothetical situation"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-LI3R561n",
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal auxiliary) indicates a possible or hypothetical situation"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"modal"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"indicates information garnered from a third party that may or may not be reliable"
],
"id": "en-sullen-dum-verb-X9lAANIC",
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal auxiliary) indicates information garnered from a third party that may or may not be reliable"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"modal"
]
}
],
"word": "sullen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Frankish",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Frankish",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle Dutch verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "sal"
},
{
"lang": "Jersey Dutch",
"lang_code": "gmw-jdt",
"word": "zal"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "sa"
},
{
"lang": "Negerhollands",
"lang_code": "dcr",
"word": "sal"
},
{
"lang": "Skepi Creole Dutch",
"lang_code": "skw",
"word": "sa"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "zullen"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "zölle"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "zólle"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "frk",
"3": "gmw-pro",
"4": "gem-pro",
"5": "ine-pro",
"inh": "3"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "sulan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch sulan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch sulan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "suelen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sēlen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sellen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sōlen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "sollen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "sullen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sullen",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) must, to have to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"may, be allowed to"
],
"links": [
[
"may",
"may"
],
[
"allowed",
"allowed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary, negated) may, be allowed to"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"negative",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs",
"Middle Dutch terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
66,
71
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
41,
45
]
],
"english": "The aldermen of Bochoute address all who will see this letter by our lord.",
"ref": "1249, Schepenbrief van Bochoute, Velzeke, eastern Flanders:",
"text": "Descepenen van bochouta quedden alle degene die dese lettren sien selen i(n) onsen here.",
"translation": "The aldermen of Bochoute address all who will see this letter by our lord.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"will, shall, be going to (future tense)"
],
"links": [
[
"will",
"will"
],
[
"shall",
"shall"
],
[
"going to",
"going to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) will, shall, be going to (future tense)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to be about to (inchoative)"
],
"links": [
[
"about to",
"about to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary, in the past tense) to be about to (inchoative)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"indicates a possible or hypothetical situation"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal auxiliary) indicates a possible or hypothetical situation"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"modal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"indicates information garnered from a third party that may or may not be reliable"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal auxiliary) indicates information garnered from a third party that may or may not be reliable"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"modal"
]
}
],
"word": "sullen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sullen meaning in Middle Dutch (3.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.